2020年9月30日 星期三

馬 Horse, pony,百駿圖



#四季百駿 東西方交流的協奏曲
以虛擬實境的手法,將義大利籍清宮畫師 #郎世寧(1688-1766)的〈#百駿圖〉長卷,結合同時期的義大利籍作曲家 #韋瓦第(1678-1741) 的《四季》小提琴協奏曲,由 #臺灣聲響實驗室(C-LAB)與演奏家重新演繹,兩位代表著東西方文藝盛期的藝術家,穿越時空,合奏這部結合繪畫與音樂的「四季百駿」,重新詮釋郎世寧筆下東西合璧的藝術美學。
※本VR裝置將安排於後續的故宮數位展覽展出,敬請期待!




據英國BBC報導,這塊石頭是考古學家在法國西南部昂古萊姆(Angouleme)地區的挖掘過程中發現的。
石塊的遺址是在昂古萊姆鐵路車站附近號稱「史前狩獵場」的地區。專家認為這塊石頭大約有12,000年的歷史。
法國國家考古研究所的研究人員稱,這個石塊長約10英寸,寬7英寸,厚1英寸。 石塊上刻有一些雕刻作品,包括馬,鹿或野牛。石塊的兩側都有圖案。


Picasso, faun, horse, bird, 1936.

Mustachioed six-armed man pointing at six horse types. Illustration in Breeder and Sportsman, 1917.

Buddhist Morality Tale about Shio no Choji ("Salty" Choji), a wealthy man with a predilection for pickled horse meat, until the tables were turned on him.

Statuette of St George
The statuette was made to house a relic of St George that Archbishop Ernst of Cologne sent in 1586 to his brother Duke Wilhelm V of Bavaria.
In the seventeenth century, the statuette was displayed on important feast days on the altar of the Rich Chapel in the Munich Residence.
The bearded face of the saint behind the movable visor is carved from boxwood and resembles that of the man who commissioned the statuette, Duke Wilhelm V.
Statuette of St George (gold, enamel, silver-gilt, diamonds, rubies, emeralds, opals, agate, chalcedony, rock crystal and other precious stones, pearls; height 50 cm); Munich, 1586/97


A 'horse hotel' in Charlottenburg, Berlin (c. 1912).

This etching of the Trojan horse was made by Jean Mignon in the 1500s and shows King Priam greeting the famous wooden horse. Unbeknown to him, Greek soldiers were concealed inside, ready to leap out and destroy the city as night fell.

The Small Courier, 1496

 Al Ahmadi, Kuwait, 1991. Steve McCurry: “As we drove into the burning oil fields, it was as dark as night. The ground was completely blackened with oil. This horse was one of the many animals abandoned during the fighting. I was sitting on the hood of my car, about 30 feet from the fire as we were driving through the desert.” © Steve McCurry. Get your copy here: http://bit.ly/TASCHEN-Steve-McCurry-Animals
#mccurry #stevemccurry #kuwait #alahmadi #horse #photography

Leonardo da Vinci · 
Equestrian Statue, 1519


Cavallo  HORSE  Marino Marini
Cavallo, conceived 1951
Bronze with hand-chiseling

靈厝上的裝飾,類似歐式建築的動物石雕,象徵萬馬奔騰、馬到成功等。(黃明堂攝)紙紮基本工法
剖竹、紮竹:以銃仔將竹子劈成相等枝條,再以棉紙捆紮固定為支架
剪紙、貼糊:剪出細如衣飾到屋頂的裝飾,以糨糊貼合
彩繪、泥塑:以礦物顏料彩繪或陶塑人形、山水等


Study of battles on horseback, 1504;Study sheet with horses, 1513


Sculptures of Picasso at MoMa, New York.

The Holy Georg, 1504;1508

趙孟頫浴馬圖

Pablo Picasso, Faun, Horse and Bird, 1936

Study of horses for the Battle of Anghiari, 1503

Grey Gelding, 2003

阮偉明
【威尼斯行】〔聖馬可教堂〕陽台外的駿馬雕像。我在狹小的空間中移動,尋找拍攝角度,企圖藉由某種想望,釋放馬匹們蘊藏在凝固形體中的力量。

Franz Marc (German, 1880-1916) "Der blaue Reiter"
Red and Blue Horses (1912) 
Tempera on paper, 26.5 x 34 cm.

Dahlov Ipcar, American (1917-2017)
"World Full of Horses," written & illustrated by Ipcar, New York: Doubleday & Co., 1955.
Dahlov Ipcar is best known for her vibrant collage-style paintings of jungle and farm animals. This clearly evident love of animals is due in part to the summers she spent with her family in Maine. In 1923 the Zorach family (her parents were the famous artists William and Marguerite Zorach) bought a farm at Robinhood Cove in Georgetown, Maine. It was during a Maine summer that Dahlov met her future husband Adolph Ipcar.


Horse Smiling, 1940   Lucian Freud 


法國薩拉市(薩拉拉卡內達,Sarlat-la-Canéda)是多爾多涅省黑色佩里戈爾地區(Perigord Noir)的首府,附近舊石器時代的巖洞拉斯科(Lascaux)擁有1.73萬年前留下來的精美彩色史前壁畫。
洞內總共有近一千五百個岩石雕刻和五百餘幅繪畫。這些繪畫中有一百多幅是動物繪畫,內容包括牛、馬、熊、狼、鹿、鳥與人。畫面大小約為1至5米,風格粗獷,多為動物形象的輪廓外形。這些圖畫除了用木炭塗抹出的黑色外,還有利用彩色土壤及石頭研磨調製的紅色和黃色等顏色。
2016年,在西班牙北部小鎮雷凱蒂奧(Lekeitio),考古學家發現了五十多幅石洞壁畫,估計距今有1.45萬年的歷史。



Trojan Horse sculpture in Canakkale, Turkey
©Alex Kosev/Getty Images


Study sheet with horses, 1513 Leonardo da Vinc
1513

The Black Horse, 1883
1930

Margaret W. Tarrant, "Sea-Horses" postcard

Artilleryman Saddling His Horse, 1879

University of Cambridge· 
Bronze Horse at Jesus College


A cavalry fight, 1632
Rembrandt

Salvador Dalí 
Personnage fantastique en costume médieval, c. 1937

Investors prefer the prospect of a second Modi term to lengthy parliamentary horse-trading

French children on a merry-go-round, 1930's ...




李公麟畫馬之所以厲害,除了找到好的學習典範(唐代畫馬名家韓幹),也由寫生的工夫中磨練而來。據說他曾對著宮中御馬寫生,才一停筆,馬兒就暴斃身亡,逼得養馬官不得已貼了張「李公麟禁入」的告示 (誤),就是怕他的寫生太過傳神,又把馬兒的魂給勾去了。蘇東坡才會說:「龍眠胸中有千駟,不惟畫肉兼畫骨。」
  
由《五馬圖》還能看得到,李公麟作畫是以水墨鉤描線條的「白描法」為主,再加上淡淡的渲染,給人一種古樸、儒雅的感覺。他的白描來自兩個源頭:一是吳道子的「蘭葉描」,線條粗細變化明顯,多見轉折,富有動感;另一是顧愷之的「春蠶吐絲描」,線條又細又均勻,以長弧線為主,舒緩綿長。

Wassily Kandinsky
Horses, 1909

Pallas and Centaur, 1482
Sandro Botticelli


The Trojan Horse is a story from the Trojan War about the subterfuge that the Greeks used to enter the independent city of Troy and win the war. In the canonical version, after a fruitless 10-year siege, the Greeks constructed a huge wooden horse, and hid a select force of men inside including Odysseus.
Trojan Horse - Wikipedia

A tribute by US WW1 soldiers to horses lost in the conflict. At Camp Cody, New Mexico. 1916.

Black Beauty
Anna Sewell 

Edited by Adrienne E. Gavin


Neptune's Horses, illustration for 'The Greek Mythological Legend', publish in London, 1910, Walter Crane.


1883/1923
Georges Seurat

Garland Day, Castleton, Derbyshire, England, c.1949,

Gerhard Marcks (18 February 1889 – 13 November 1981) 
Der wiehernde Hengst / The Whinnying Stallion, second casting, 1974, on the Philosophikum campus of the Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen (the first casting, 1961, is in front of the Stadttheater in Aachen) BAUHAUS 


In Praise of Travel, Particularly on Horseback 蒙田

1893 The Terminal (1893) by Alfred Stieglitz

Netsuke
會不會是"死靈魂" : http://hcbooks.blogspot.tw/…/dead-souls-norton-critical-edi…

Late 1890s - A Trip Through Paris, France (speed corrected w/ added sound)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=3&v=NjDclfAFRB4
Erni Hans
Tramelan
Year: 1969

"Sivka-Burka", 
Russian artist Nikolai Kochergin 1897-1974 with illustrations to  (Sivka-Burka is a magic horse).a Russian fairy tale about Ivan-the-Fool.


Elijah is taken to heaven
Marc Chagall

According to 2 Kings 2:3–9, Elisha (Eliseus) and "the sons of the prophets" knew beforehand that Elijah would one day be assumed into heaven. ... The water immediately divides and Elijah and Elisha cross on dry land. Suddenly, a chariot of fire and horses of fire appear and Elijah is lifted up in a whirlwind.

Marc Chagall. Circus rider. 1927

Driftwood sculpture of three horses on a beach, looks incredibly life like in their gestures.

Horsemen Riding in the Bois de Boulogne by Toulouse-Lautrec, 1888

趙孟頫作品在美國紐約大都會藝術博物館。唐·韓愈《
趙孟頫作品在美國紐約大都會藝術博物館。唐·韓愈《馬說》:「世有伯樂,然後有千里馬。千里馬常有,而伯樂不常有。」


http://hcshakespeare.blogspot.tw/2018/04/paul-reveres-ride-by-henry-wadsworth.html

England’s Enormous Chalk Figures

See the country’s most mythic geoglyphs, including huge horses and massive men, from their best angle.

Uffington White Horse,England

研究發現全世界的野馬早已滅絕,大眾認為地球上最後現存的野馬-普氏野馬,實際上是從牠們飼主手中逃脫的馴化馬。
根據一項新DNA分析研究,全世界野馬早就已經滅絕,這項發現意外改寫馬系譜樹(family tree)。

今天刊登在美國「科學」(Science)期刊的研究報告指出,大部分民眾認為地球上最後現存野馬是普氏野馬(Przewalski's horse),但普氏野馬實際上是從牠們飼主手中逃脫的馴化馬。

法新社報導,研究共同作者、堪薩斯大學(University of Kansas)生物多樣性研究所與自然歷史博物館(Biodiversity Institute and Natural History Museum)考古學部門負責人歐森(Sandra Olsen)說:「這真是一個很大的驚喜。」

歐森說:「這意味地球上沒有野馬還活著,這是令人傷心的部分。」

這項研究是根據哈薩克北部波泰(Botai)和克拉斯雅爾(Krasnyi Yar)兩處考古工作地,科學家發現5000多年前最早馴化馬證據。

為了進一步探究牠們根源,國際研究人員利用波泰出土20隻馬的牙齒和骨骼,和歐亞大陸出土22隻馬進行基因組排序。然後,再把這些古代馬與已經發表的18種古代和28種現代馬基因組進行比較。

他們發現,普氏野馬是已知最早馴化馬後代,約5500年前由哈薩克北部波泰人飼養。

這意味,人們認為野馬真有野性,其實是因為牠們從馴化中逃脫,並不是本來就是野生。(譯者:葉俐緯/核稿:盧映孜)1070223

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec 
The Coastal bus company








19馬的力量,是你所賜?牠頸上的長騣,是你所披?
20你豈能使牠跳躍如蚱蜢?牠雄壯的長嘶,實在使人膽寒。
21牠在谷中歡躍奔馳,勇往直前,衝鋒迎敵。
22牠嗤笑膽怯,一無所懼;交鋒之時,決不退縮。
23牠背上的箭袋震震作響,還有閃爍發光的矛與槍。
24牠一聞號角,即不肯停蹄,急躁狂怒,不斷啃地。
25每次號角一鳴,牠必發出嘶聲,由遠處已聞到戰爭的氣息,將領的號令和士卒的喊聲
~~
約伯傳:Chapter 39

Marino Marini (27 February 1901 – 6 August 1980) was an Italiansculptor.[1][2]

Two-horse hitch By Georges Seurat

Roger et Angélique;Apollon
Odilon Redon
1910

“Pit ponies” were put to work in coal mines throughout the 18th through 20th centuries, replacing the women and children who would have originally been sent into the mines.

斑馬的條紋到底有什麼用?


草駒的解釋:幼馬。《淮南子·修務訓》:“夫馬之為草駒之時,跳躍揚蹏,翹尾而走,人不能制。”高誘注:“馬五尺以下為駒,放在草中,故曰草駒。”淮南子: 脩務訓- 夫馬之為草駒之時,跳躍揚蹄,翹尾而走,人不能制


George Stubbs, Zebra (detail), 1763, oil on canvas, Yale Center

Dali   Debris of an Automobile Giving Birth to a Blind Horse Biting a Telephone, 1938

Caravaggio

Conversion on the Way to Damascus, 1601

BERCHEM, Nicolaes (Claesz.) (b. 1620, Haarlem, d. 1683, Amsterdam)
Landscape with Two Horses

Oil on wood. Statens Museum for Kunst, Copenhagen

U.S. soldiers pay tribute to the 8 million horses, donkeys and mules that lost their lives during World War 1. (1918)



Pablo Picasso
Horse, 1923




***

MOREL FAVORITO是朱利奧·羅曼諾(Giulio Romano)在1526年至1528年間為曼圖亞公爵費德里科二世·岡薩加(Federico II Gonzaga)壁畫所繪的六匹馬之一,該壁畫位於Palazzo Te的薩拉·卡瓦利(Sala dei Cavalli)牆上。
實際上,它是屬於著名的岡薩加馬場的標本的肖像,整個歐洲的有勢力人士都知道該標本。
MOREL這個名字仍然可以在動物的爪子之間讀到,指的是灰黑色的外衣,在技術上被定義為MORELLO。
所有馬匹都描繪在老式建築中,並在通向景觀的假窗戶前。



MOREL FAVORITO is the name of one of the six horses frescoed by Giulio Romano between 1526 and 1528 for Federico II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, on the walls of the Sala dei Cavalli in Palazzo Te.
It is in effect a portrait of a specimen that belonged to the renowned Gonzaga equine farms, known by powerful people from all over Europe.
The name MOREL, which can still be read between the animal's paws, refers to its gray-black coat, technically defined as MORELLO.
All the horses are depicted in an old-fashioned architecture and in front of fake windows opening onto the landscape.
--
MOREL FAVORITO è il nome di uno dei sei cavalli affrescati da Giulio Romano tra 1526 e 1528 per Federico II Gonzaga, duca di Mantova, sulle pareti della Sala dei Cavalli del Palazzo Te.
Si tratta a tutti gli effetti del ritratto di un esemplare appartenuto ai rinomati allevamenti equini gonzagheschi, conosciuti dai potenti di tutta Europa.
Il nome MOREL, che si legge ancora tra le zampe dell'animale, fa riferimento al suo manto grigio-nero, tecnicamente definito MORELLO.
Tutti i cavalli sono raffigurati all'interno di un'architettura all'antica e davanti a finte finestre aperte sul paesaggio.
#animalsinart #cavallo #horses #giulioromano #palazzotemantova #gonzaga #art #painting #pitturaitaliana




2020年9月29日 星期二

漢清講堂 胡適與時事畫; 世界漫畫簡史.....杜米埃(Honoré Daumier) ,George Cruikshank;長谷川町子

漢清講堂: 胡適與時事畫 世界漫畫簡史
39:41
201 胡適與時事漫畫, 從《胡適留學日記》(1911-1917)之時事畫, 漫話當時的美國總統大選,與一次世界大戰之殘酷.... 200 《胡適留學日記》中的諸多寶貝 2017-12-17 漢清講堂 https://youtu.be/Kxq1vjdL3xs 繪畫是一種深思熟慮 189 簡介 Henri CARTIER-BRESSON (1908-2004) 2017-09-0...
胡適與時事畫 2017-12-16 漢清講堂
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-v7Yflff-08&feature=push-u-sub&attr_tag=eyojenWIOAIfseQG-6

創造文本的方法
昨天晚上,日本NHK播出「長谷川町子」特輯,片長三十分鐘,主持人提綱挈領介紹了這位畢生獻身於漫畫創作的漫畫家積極進取的生涯,加上三位來賓,以不同角度加以解讀,使得長谷川町子的藝術形象更為完整。
眾所周知,在日本家喻戶曉的新聞連載漫畫《サザエさん》,正是出自長谷川町子之手,而其帶有前衛思想的家庭漫畫作品,溫暖眾多日本國民同胞的心靈,並為日本漫畫發展史創下一個新的傳奇。在節目中,談到長谷川町子每日與截稿時間搏鬥,也有文思枯竭的時候,最後以堅強毅力克服困難。譬如,為了畫出精采(四格漫畫)的作品,他通常會構思出四種場景草稿,幾番思量後,再把它們串連起來,構成通情合理的生活圖景。我發見,其作畫方式與寫作同理相通,先寫出草稿(基礎),讓文思成為畫面或文字,這樣才能更接近完稿的終點。換句話說,創作者只沉淪於空思妄想,而不顯現具象之物,沒有實質的產出,其結果只能落空。我甚至認為,作家或漫畫家能否歷史留名,創作大量作品(文本),依然是關鍵因素之一。你未必有門生為其傳揚,但沒留下豐碩的文本,不但很難成為被研究的對象,似乎更為難那些熱情噴發的傳記作家了。(2020年9月30日)


232 George Cruikshank(英國漫畫家喬治·克魯克香克) 2018-06-13

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xetZmzUXapE&t=2s




193 法國藝術家杜米埃(Honoré Daumier) 2017-09-18 漢清講堂

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z3XmdUngEZM&t=82s


In Le Caricature in 1831, Daumier portrayed the ‘bourgeois monarch’ Louis Phillippe (1830-1848)—who ruled under the standard “Enrichissez-vous!”—as Rabelais’ Gargantua; with a giant’s appetite, and insatiable venality —the pear- headed, pot-bellied, king squats on his ‘throne’ (or privy) ingesting an unending flow of ducats from a beleaguered people whilst defecating preferments which privileged place-hunters cower below the chamber-pot to seize.







Two laborers build the city and discuss their work in the captions.
Two laborers build the city and discuss their work in the captions. © CNRS HISOMA/USED WITH PERMISSION

JUST THINK WHAT VIRGIL, OVID, or Horace could have done with Superman. A recently unearthed Roman tomb in the northern Jordanian town of Beit Ras features a collection of striking, sequential paintings complete with speech-filled captions, forming what looks to many like an ancient, proto-comic strip.
The hypogeum, or underground tomb, measures an impressive 550 square feet and holds two separate funeral chambers. The main room is adorned with four paintings that, together, depict nearly 260 gods, humans, and animals. It’s important to note the order: In the central painting, an officiant makes a sacrifice to the patron deities of Capitolias (present-day Beit Ras) and Caesarea Maritima, capital of the province Judea. A second painting features peasants working the fields with oxen and chopping down trees with help from the gods, the third painting renders the construction of a rampart (with some of the workers even getting into accidents as they climb walls or cut stones), and the fourth illustrates a priest making another sacrifice to those deities.
Researchers believe that the paintings—and their arrangement—tell a story about the founding of Capitolias. First, a priest turns to the gods for advice on where to establish the city, workers then develop the land and raise defenses, and the community finally offers its thanks with another sacrifice when the work is done. In a release, researchers called the tomb’s decorations unusually ornate.


Dionysus and company clear the ground for Capitolias.
Dionysus and company clear the ground for Capitolias. © CNRS HISOMA/USED WITH PERMISSION

The most exciting aspect of the discovery, however, may be the text that accompanies these images. More than sixty inscriptions explain the action, like speech bubbles that give direct voice to the characters on the walls. It’s not exactly Alan Moore—“Alas for me! I am dead!”—but the inscriptions promise interesting research. Most are written in Aramaic but with Greek letters, merging the two primary languages of the Roman Middle East, but it’s more complicated than that. The inscriptions attached to the deities are written in Greek alone, which distinguishes them from the hybrid text of the toiling peons.
Capitolias belonged to a part of the Roman Empire known as the Decapolis, a group of 10 cities that retained the legacy of Hellenistic culture and enjoyed relative autonomy from the empire. There’s no shortage of Roman artifacts in the Beit Ras area, but this find was pure serendipity. It was uncovered by routine roadwork outside a school in 2016.




胡適之先生的集《時事畫四十五幅》 (《留學日記》1914年7月12日;《胡適日記 1910-1914》(頁333-371)說:.......胡適最欣賞的一幅是講老羅斯福競選(1912) Theodore Roosevelt, U.S. Presiden 1858-1919的「趨時」:羅斯福如吧台服務員,政見琳瑯,要什麼都有:WHAT’S YOURS (--Mayer in N. Y. Times)----hc評:胡適時事畫的可能誤譯
這張被潘光哲論文"青年胡適之"民主經驗"等引用過,不過作者們可能都沒有核對過英文,而胡適在1~2處的翻譯可能是錯的,譬如說,將Federal Control 翻譯成"統治托拉斯",最右邊的"人口問題"也奇怪,英文似乎為" Race Sucide ? (末字看不清)"。





這感人的故事引發一些聯想:第一次碰到Astérix et Obélix是1978年,我的牛津大學畢業的同學靦腆地說,他們中學學法語從他倆的漫畫故事開始。我當時有地利之便,讀了幾本......沒想到作者87歲了.....
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterix
《阿斯泰利克斯歷險記》(法語:Astérix le Gaulois),又譯《高盧英雄傳》,是一套法國系列漫畫,由勒內·戈西尼(編劇)和阿爾伯特·烏德佐(Albert Uderzo,漫畫家,1977年戈西尼逝世後兼編劇)共同創作。這套漫畫在歐洲南美非常知名,33本漫畫書和畫冊已經譯成100多種語言和方言,並且多次改編成長篇動畫電影、真人電影、電玩遊戲等,但在中國日本、美國等地知名度不大。
臺灣公共電視曾代理播出2006年美國版動畫電影,譯名為「維京海盜」。DVD由弘恩文化發行,並收錄雙語發音,以及中英字幕,未收錄法語原版。故事中除了主角「阿斯特」和「歐胖」以外,將各個次要角色名字翻譯成有趣的中文諧音以配合劇中臺詞「他們的名字真有趣」。

故事梗概[編輯]

每本畫冊都以這樣一段話開頭:
Nous sommes en 50 avant Jésus-Christ ; toute la Gaule est occupée par les Romains... Toute ? Non ! Car un village peuplé d'irréductibles Gaulois résiste encore et toujours à l'envahisseur. Et la vie n'est pas facile pour les garnisons de légionnaires romains des camps retranchés de Babaorum, Aquarium,Laudanum et Petibonum...

漫畫的主人公:Astérix,Obélix和小狗Idéfix
中文翻譯為:故事發生在公元前50年,高盧地區的全境都被羅馬占領了……全境嗎?不!因為還有一個村莊,那裡居住著頑強的高盧人,他們一直在抵抗侵略。村子周圍有四個羅馬軍營,Babaorum, Aquarium, Laudanum和Petibonum,駐紮在那裡的士兵們日子可不好過……
事實上,這個村莊得以倖存是因為他們的祭司能製造一種神奇的藥水,喝了這種藥水的人力大無窮。故事主要講述的就是阿斯泰利克斯和他的朋友奧貝利克斯(法語:Obélix。他小時候掉進了藥水缸,因此不用喝藥水就擁有無窮的力量)依靠藥水、智慧和勇氣,完成一個個艱巨的任務,挫敗愷撒的陰謀,保衛村莊的故事。歷險的過程中,阿斯泰利克斯奧貝利克斯週遊高盧各地,還經常與外族有接觸(維京人,埃及人,希臘人,比利時人等……)。
沒錯,一息尚存,人都會做他的天職 (睡前翻Matisse:Father & Son By John Russell,知道Henry Matisse在臨終前一天,仍跟"親人"要紙和筆,為她畫像......),愛他的祖國。


 胡適日記1952.10.5: H. T. Webster上月死了。他的漫畫之中,特別喜歡"The Timid Soul"。今天看此幅,特別忠厚可愛。(胡先生選的,很精采,遠比下文舉例的,好多多。_)


 胡適日記1952.10.5: H. T. Webster上月死了。他的漫畫之中,特別喜歡"The Timid Soul"。今天看此幅,特別忠厚可愛。(胡先生選的,很精采,遠比下文舉例的,好多多。_) Caspar Milquetoast - Wikipedia h...
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