270 胡適與大學 (2018年胡適紀念II) 漢清講堂/康乃爾大學的學生生活
270 胡適與大學 (2018年胡適紀念II) 漢清講堂
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t8qud5GxOFU&feature=push-u-sub&attr_tag=YXyJCLtXGeR4k5Lo%3A6
YOUTUBE.COM
270 胡適與大學 (2018年胡適紀念II) 漢清講堂
綜觀胡適與大學及學術機關之因緣和人文際會。
胡適1915年暑假讀 ：
《獄中七日記》Within Prison Walls 兼論美國慈善觀念與社會之樂利； Mar...
胡適讀The New Machiavelli 1915.9.7
胡適日記：讀《 麗莎傳》 1915.8.31《貴族之家》
談胡適1915年暑假讀的3本小說《安娜傳》、《 麗莎傳》、The New Machiavelli 及...
“Rummaging in our souls, we often dig up something that ought to have lain there unnoticed. ”
― from ANNA KARENINA (1877) by Leo Tolstoy
“To enter into all the details of your feelings I have no right, and besides, I regard that as useless and even harmful,” began Alexey Alexandrovitch. “Ferreting in one’s soul, one often ferrets out something that might have lain there unnoticed. Your feelings are an affair of your own conscience; but I am in duty bound to you, to myself, and to God, to point out to you your duties. Our life has been joined, not by man, but by God. That union can only be severed by a crime, and a crime of that nature brings its own chastisement.”
chapter9
記者鮑爾臥底監獄寫成的《美國監獄》~《紐約時報》 2018年度十大好書
Wikipedia: 美國監禁制度（Incarceration in the United States）English
English
Overview
Finally came an appointment by Governor Sulzer to a State Commission on Prison Reform, suggested to the Governor by Judge Riley, the new Superintendent of Prisons. My position as chairman of the Commission made it seem desirable, if not necessary, to inform myself to the utmost as to the inner conditions of the prisons and the needs of the inmates. I do not mean that it was necessary to reinvestigate the material aspect of the prisons-it is known already that the conditions at Sing Sing are barbaric, and those at Auburn medieval-but that it was desirable to get all possible light regarding the actual effect of the System as a whole, or specific parts of it, upon the prisoners.
I began to feel, therefore, that the time had come to carry out the plan which had been so long in the background of my mind.
Thomas Mott Osborne's account of his voluntary stay in Auburn State prison. Osborne, the head of a state commission on "the prison problem," checked into Auburn to personally experience conditions there. It is really engaging and heartfelt, as well as highly political. Osborne encountered tremendous institutional and political resistance to his reform efforts and you get a real sense of that in this book ... In a review of a biography of Osborne the New York Times had this to say: Thomas Mott Osborne presents the phenomenon, not rare among men of genius and high talent, where the work of the man surpasses the individual. To no one person is the modem world of prison reform and the whole broad subject of penology so much in debt as to him. Yet in his own eyes he felt, near the end of his days, that he had lived an ineffectual life. With the shortsightedness of disappointment and despair he could not realize that within ten years of his death biographers would be preoccupied with the ideal of evaluating him as one of the major figures in American reform . .
『胡適的書』『胡適校書記』『胡適手校』『胡適』 (臺靜農刻印/1960)
《胡適藏書目錄》 Bibliography of the collection of Hu Shih
北京大學 圖書館/ 2013
北大圖書館和胡適紀念館完成了對兩地胡適藏書的整理，出版了一部《胡適藏書目錄》，由廣西師範大學出版社出版，煌煌四巨冊，三千餘頁，收錄了一萬兩千餘種藏書。 原文網址：https://kknews.cc/history/lzk5qog.html
讀托爾斯泰《安娜傳》
Anna Karenina’ 研究 Leo Tolstoy的思想變遷
1915.7.10 p.191
"I'm re-reading Anna Karenina. There is no better novel I know about how women (and I don't mean just Anna) – elite, intelligent, educated – are ignored, oppressed, and have little legal recourse. Women are the caregivers, the empathetic. They hold society together and provide salvation even as the priests take the credit.
"Tolstoy's novel is as relevant today as it ever was. As a sideline, one also learns about technical change in agriculture and how to incentivise labourers to adopt it. And there is more … It is clearly the best novel ever written and worth another close read from us all."
- Claudia Goldin, economic historian and a labour economist, author of the forthcoming Women Working Longer: Increased Employment at Older Ages
線裝書一共有3329種，在12501種藏書中大約占四分之一強，由於線裝書單頁單冊字數較少，可能冊數所占比例會更大一些。現代出版物一共有8301種之多，分為中文、日文、西文三類，中文圖書4779種，日文277種，西文3245種，另外還有873種期刊，也分為這三類語言。
原文網址：https://kknews.cc/history/lzk5qog.html
This emended Garnett should probably be a reader's first choice.
Commenting on the revision of Constance Garnett's 1901 translation she says: "The revision (1965) ... by Kent & Berberova (the latter no mean stylist herself) succeeds in 'correcting errors ... tightening the prose, converting Briticisms, and casting light on areas Mrs Garnett did not explore'.
2017年胡適之先生紀念會上，我們提到胡先生留學日記上的閱讀 ANNA KARENINA Tolstoy筆記。
隔天，我補充哈佛大學某教授說該書有不少社會變遷、制度、科技等的發展資訊。
我想，這部公認的小說傑作，可以探討的方式很多樣，
丘兄，
我下月打算自言自語講安娜傳---這是胡適的說法。
有件外行話請教，為何他先生姓卡列寧 Karerin?，書名卻成為Anna Karenina？ 兩種翻譯都見過，正確的是哪一種？
俄國姓名規則。
----
漢清兄好，是這樣的，安娜的先生姓卡列寧（Karerin），她婚後冠夫姓卡列寧，但是俄文文法要求陰性詞尾需加上字母"a"（多數情況），所以就變成卡列寧娜或卡列妮娜（Karerina），她婚後的全名就是安娜‧卡列妮娜（Anna Karenina）。
又如，杜斯妥也夫斯基（Dostoevsky）的太太，冠夫姓時必須變化詞尾為杜斯妥也夫斯卡雅（Dostoevskaya）。...
丘光
┌────
櫻桃園文化出版有限公司 VS Press Co., Ltd.
2018.11.14
苦學生Gahnkin
托爾斯泰臨終時事
The Burial of Leo Tolstoy
俄國學制：非曾讀其國諸大文豪之詩文者，不得入大學或專門學校。凡人能愛其國之文學，未有不愛其國者。1913.10.12
12.27托爾斯泰臨終時事
Yasnaya Polyana 晴園
Tolstoy Literary Museum/ Tolstoy Estate-Museum
Museum in Arbat & Khamovniki
1911 dedicated to his major novels such as Anna Karenina and War and Peace.
Leo Tolstoy 1828~1910， 20歲, circa 1848；約1909
托爾斯泰是1910年11月20日（俄國舊曆11月7日）過世 一生情理交戰
Leo Tolstoy about a year before his death. Image courtesy of Mary Evans Picture Library
”我的生命是否具有超越死亡從而永恆的意義？”列夫·托爾斯泰在凌亂的書桌上寫上重重一筆。
在創作《安娜·卡列尼娜》行將結束時，因不堪理想與現實的差距，托爾斯泰思想出現巨大困惑。他追溯自己五十年的人生經歷和心路歷程，尋找生命意義，並記錄下這段精神活動的過程，取名《懺悔錄》》A Confession，1879~80。它深刻探討生命意義，與人生、命運、信仰有關。生命向我們隱瞞了什麼？ 如何坦然面對死亡？如何讓短暫的人生具有永恆價值？ 這些有關人生命運的深刻問題，都將在閱讀本書中得到啟發。
第一章 不信教的叛逆者、第二章 嘩眾取寵的作家圈 第三章 我過得不太好、第四章 野獸、巨龍、老鼠和蜂蜜、第五章 簡單的問題不好答、第六章 生命向我們隱瞞了什麼 第七章 四種擺脫困境的方式、第八章 我像一只蹲在井底的青蛙 第九章 尋找生命的根、第十章 平凡的人們握有天機 第十一章 劊子手、醉鬼、瘋子眼中的生命、第十二章 尋找我自己的上帝 第十三章 信仰是生命的絕響、第十四章 咽不下去的屈服、第十五章 在矛與盾的邊緣、第十六章 尾聲，和我的夢
思想家托翁最感興趣的，只是生與死的問題。
小說藝術強大、熠熠生輝，富原創性、具普世價值，這些超越其布道、意識形態(溫和、曖昧、遠離政治)
「
2002年にはNorwegian Book Clubが選定した「世界文学最高の100冊」(en:The 100 Best Books of All Time)に選ばれ、2007年刊行の “The Top Ten: Writers Pick Their Favorite Books”[16]においては、現代英米作家125人の投票により、世界文学ベストテン[17]の首位を占めた。
All happy families resemble one another; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.
—Anna Karénina. Leo Tolstoy
dom-dom-dom 房子、家、家庭：主題
無名女郎
伊凡·克拉姆斯柯依1837~87
Tolstoy's house at Yasnaya Polyana. Image courtesy of Sarah Hudspith
Yasnaya Polyana 晴園
Tolstoy (托爾斯泰1828-1910)是Stefan Zweig (史蒂芬·茨威格，1881-1942)最崇拜的文豪---他1928年訪蘇印象記有托爾斯泰的墳墓"最為動人"說法。該文可參考台北志文出版社的 {傻子伊凡}，1995。
Tolstoy's grave at Yasnaya Polyana. Image courtesy of Sarah Hudspith
Tolstoy was a Count
Both Tolstoy’s parents belonged to ancient Russian aristocratic families. His grandfather on his mother’s side, Prince Nikolai Volkonsky, was a member of the court of Catherine the Great and Russian Ambassador to Berlin. His paternal grandfather, Count Ilya Tolstoy, was governor of the city of Kazan (now the capital of Tatarstan), the place enshrined in Russian memory as the location of Ivan the Terrible’s defeat of the Tatar-Mongol Horde.
Tolstoy proposed to his wife in code
The Behrs family had three daughters who were close acquaintances of Tolstoy. Though the family wanted him to marry the eldest, Liza, Tolstoy was more attracted to the middle daughter Sofia. Painfully shy yet tormented by his strong sexual desire for Sofia, he struggled to make plain his intentions. Sofia records in her diary that Tolstoy took some chalk and wrote the initial letters of some words on a card table, and asked her to guess the meaning.
t was not just two or three letters such as ‘M. M’ for ‘Marry me’, but well over a dozen! Sofia claims that she understood at once. The scene is recreated in Tolstoy’s novel Anna Karenina when Levin proposes to Kitty for the second time.
Tolstoy thought Shakespeare was rubbish
Despite reading many of his works and enthusing to Sofia about his enormous dramatic talent, Tolstoy repeatedly published scathing opinions of Shakespeare, saying that he was without genius, a mediocre talent, and that his plays were beneath criticism – ‘I read and re-read the dramas, the comedies, the historical plays, and invariably, each time I experienced the same thing: disgust, boredom, astonishment’.
He also said ‘Not only can Shakespeare’s plays not be taken as models of dramatic art, but they do not even conform to the most basic and universally agreed rules of art’. He rated Marlowe as a better dramatist. Ever confident in the rightness of his own views, Tolstoy was never afraid to go against public opinion, even the most widely held beliefs.
Tolstoy’s experience of the Crimean War inspired War and Peace
Tolstoy’s rich, detailed descriptions of military combat in War and Peace are enhanced by his personal experiences. He first served as an artillery officer in the Caucasus in various campaigns to assert Russian imperial rule in the region; he later fought at the siege of Sevastopol during the Crimean War and was promoted to lieutenant for outstanding bravery and courage.
Despite appreciating the heightened emotions of battle, he knew a military career was not for him and he resigned his commission soon afterwards. He retained a lifelong fascination for the motivations of military life.
Tolstoy gambled away a large part of his family inheritance
As a young man, Tolstoy lived a dissolute lifestyle and gambled extensively, particularly during his time as an army officer. In 1854 he was forced to dismantle and sell for 5,000 roubles the main stately home on the estate inherited from his maternal grandfather at Yasnaya Polyana.
By 1855 he had gambled away the whole 5,000 roubles. He settled in a more modest house on the estate and lived there for more than 50 years.
Tolstoy made his own shoes
Tolstoy grew increasingly troubled by the privilege of his background and developed an interest in the lifestyle and culture of the peasantry. This extended to making his own shoes in the traditional peasant way out of bast: thin strips of bark from the birch or linden tree. He wasn’t very good at it but he wore them anyway.
Tolstoy was excommunicated by the Russian Orthodox Church
Tolstoy believed fervently in the ideals of Christianity, but despised organised religion, which he felt contradicted the teachings of Jesus. After a biting satire of the hypocrisy and corruption of Russian Orthodox Church officials in his last novel, Resurrection, the Church excommunicated him in 1901.
The Church, and the Tsarist establishment, hoped that this would make Tolstoy unpopular and would quash his reputation as a critic of the regime. Instead, it served to make him even more famous and admired.
Tolstoy was Gandhi’s Inspiration
Some historians argue that Tolstoy’s essays on peace laid the foundations for modern pacifism. After reading Tolstoy’s The Kingdom of God Is Within You, Gandhi was inspired to pursue nonviolent resistance, calling Tolstoy "the greatest apostle of non-violence that the present age has produced".
. They corresponded for a year until Tolstoy’s death in November 1910, Gandhi later named his second ashram in South Africa ‘the Tolstoy Colony’.
安娜‧卡列尼娜(全二冊) 高惠群等譯，上海譯文，2010.8~2017.4 第8刷
安娜‧卡列尼娜 草嬰譯，南京：譯林，2014.4~2017.9 第14刷
安娜‧卡列妮娜，台北：志文，1986.9～1990.1 第2刷
Tolstoy was obsessed with sex
Tolstoy had a fraught relation with sex and at times and championed celibacy as a means of moral purity. Despite this, he went on to father 13 children. He lost his virginity to a prostitute and afterwards wrote that he fell to his knees in a wave of self-loathing and guilt.
Tolstoy began writing a journal at 18 and set himself very prescriptive goals for self-improvement, one of which was to visit a brothel only twice a month. About the time he began keeping a diary, he wrote that he had contracted venereal disease and underwent treatment in 1847.
Tolstoy’s death was a major media event
By the time of his old age, Tolstoy was a cultural icon and had followers world-wide who tried to put his views into practice. He fled the family home in 1910, sick of the years of bad relations with his wife, but collapsed at a nearby railway station. The news of the dying celebrity drew huge crowds and news cameras from Pathé, making his death an international news story.
More than three thousand people lined the streets to see his coffin carried back to Yasnaya Polyana. As Tolstoy had been excommunicated, there were no religious rites at his burial. Years before the Communists suppressed the Russian Orthodox Church, his was the first civil funeral in Russia.
胡適讀托爾斯泰《安娜傳》
Anna Karenina’ 研究 Leo Tolstoy的思想變遷
1915.7.10 p.191
"I'm re-reading Anna Karenina. There is no better novel I know about how women (and I don't mean just Anna) – elite, intelligent, educated – are ignored, oppressed, and have little legal recourse. Women are the caregivers, the empathetic. They hold society together and provide salvation even as the priests take the credit.
"Tolstoy's novel is as relevant today as it ever was. As a sideline, one also learns about technical change in agriculture and how to incentivise labourers to adopt it. And there is more … It is clearly the best novel ever written and worth another close read from us all."
- Claudia Goldin, economic historian and a labour economist, author of the forthcoming Women Working Longer: Increased Employment at Older Ages
Anna Karenina By Tolstoy
《安娜·卡列尼娜》（俄語：Анна Каренина）是俄羅斯作家列夫·托爾斯泰於1874年-1877年間創作的小說。1875年1月〈俄羅斯公報〉The Russian Messenger or Russian Herald 開始連載。小說一發表就引發了熱烈的討論。托爾斯泰的堂姑母亞歷山德拉·安德烈耶芙娜·托爾斯泰婭寫道：「《安娜·卡列尼娜》的每個篇章都轟動了整個社會，引起了熱烈的爭論，毀譽參半，褒貶不一。似乎議論的是他們的切身問題一樣。」作品共分八章，開場白「幸福的家庭都是相似的，不幸的家庭各有各的不幸」，是托爾斯泰對婚姻和家庭的悟言。
In a diary entry of December 1908 he said people loved him for "trifling things like War and Peace". Trifling thing? That magnificent novel of Russian society, of angst, amour, and emotional, social and military conflict set in the early 19th century and first published in its entirety in 1869? Impossible.
Not that he would have called it a novel. What is it, he once asked rhetorically. "It is not a novel, still less a [narrative] poem and even less a historical chronicle. War and Peace," he wrote, "it is what the author wanted to and could express in the form in which it was expressed."
"安娜卡列尼娜"是托爾斯泰另一本描述俄國貴族上層社會的社交、婚姻，家庭、信仰的長篇小說。同時展露出：都市與鄉村，貴族與農奴的對比。整個情節繞着貴婦人安娜的婚外情。在保守的十九世紀，托爾斯泰大膽地描述了男女性愛、背叛的感情。在一次貴族舞會中，安娜沈睡已久的慾望被年輕的騎兵軍官喚醒；安娜愛男人如飛蛾撲火，不顧一切。而軍官愛女人如蜻蜓點水，激情過去後他乃要追求貴族社會的達官仕途。安娜錯在把愛情與生活看做等同，一旦喪失，全盤皆空，她帶著絕望跳下鐵軌，結束了自己的夢想與生命。
https://www.bartleby.com/316/
Anna Karenin, Translated by Constance Garnett. (1901) Still widely reprinted. Revised by Leonard J. Kent and Nina Berberova (New York: Random House, 1965). Revised version reprinted by Modern Library.
https://www.bartleby.com/316/
https://www.bartleby.com/316/
涉及孩子的吸引力時，母親經常有不可抗拒和看不見的力量
Anna Karenina 遇見Count Vronsky的母親
『息子と再会するアンナ・カレーニナ』
Свидание Анны Карениной с сыном. 1878年插圖 Michail Alexandrowitsch Wrubel、1856年3月17日(ロシア暦5日) - 1910年4月14日(ロシア暦1日
Countess Anna Arkadyevna Karenina 安娜‧卡列寧/安娜‧卡列妮娜等：Count Alexei Alexandrovich Karenin之妻、Stepan Oblonsky姊、伏倫斯基情人 Count Alexei Kirillovich Vronsky伏倫斯基：安娜情人
Konstantin "Kostya" Dmitrievich Lëvin/Lyovin 列文，Kitty (Princess Ekaterina "Kitty" Alexandrovna Shcherbatskaya 18歲 )求婚者，34歲地主，Stiva老友；老哥Nikolai Dmitrievich Lëvin/Lyovin
次要人物
"Countess Lidia Ivanovna, though she was interested in everything that did not concern her, had a habit of never listening to what interested her."
Countess Lydia Ivanovna - A morally upright woman who is initially Anna's friend and later her fiercest critic.
Dearly beloved, avenge not yourselves, but rather give place unto wrath: for it is written, Vengeance is mine; I will repay, saith the Lord. ~Romans 12:19 King James Version (KJV)
親愛的弟兄，不要自己伸冤，寧可讓步，聽憑主怒（或作：讓人發怒）；因為經上記著：主說：伸冤在我；我必報應。
羅馬書第十二章 - 中文和合本聖經查詢系統
19 諸位親愛的，你們不可為自己復仇，但應給天主的忿怒留有餘地，因為經上記載：『上主說：復仇是我的事，我必報復。』
羅馬書:Chapter 12
" 首先社會沒有權力審判安娜；其次，安娜也沒有權力通過報復性自殺來懲罰伏倫斯基 Count Alexei Kirillovich Vronsky 。" Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977)：《俄羅斯文學講稿》上海譯文，2018。托爾斯泰的《安娜‧卡列寧》，參考pp. 175~76
Istina (Serbian Cyrillic: Истина; trans. The Truth 內在的真理之光；最本質的真理) ：低頭握拳、直接迎向真理，找到曾立十字架的地方 (自己的模樣？)
ANNA KARENINA by Leo Tolstoy Translated by Constance Garnett
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1399/1399-0.txt
Criticisms and Interpretations
By Emile Melchior, Vicomte de Vogüè
By Charles Edward Turner
By Matthew Arnold
By Leo Wiener
By William Dean Howells
By Edward Garnett
From “The Nation”
By Maurice Baring
Modern Tragedy
By Raymond Williams, /McCallum, Pamela (EDT) /Publisher:
Broadview Pr Published 2006
《現代悲劇 》南京: 譯林， 2007 (據第一版翻譯)
該書的這章，很可參考：Social and Personal Tragedy: Tolstoy and Lawrence
我們甚至可以趁機思考胡先生的"悲劇"。
Is tragedy an event in our lives, or a literary form, or a body of dogma?
Modern Tragedy By Williams, Raymond /McCallum, Pamela (EDT) /Publisher:Broadview Pr Published 2006
《現代悲劇 》南京: 譯林， 2007 (據第一版翻譯) 該書的這章，很可參考：Social and Personal Tragedy: Tolstoy and Lawrence
Is tragedy an event in our lives, or a literary form, or a body of dogma?
Leavis, F. R., Anna Karenina and Other Essays (Chatto and Windus, London, 1967)
Defining Moments in Anna Karenina
R. L. P. Jackson
The Cambridge Quarterly, Volume 43, Issue 1, 1 March 2014, Pages 16–38,https://doi.org/10.1093/camqtly/bft040
Published:01 March 2014
Abstract
This essay returns to F. R. Leavis's 1965 essay on Anna Karenina as its point of departure, arguing that the novel is ultimately more tragic in its effect than Leavis allows. Beginning with an account of some representative moments which define the unbridgeable gaps between certain major characters, it moves to consider the differences between the new Penguin and the Maudes’ World's Classics translation of a passage which is seen as embodying Tolstoy's consistent attempt to imagine life as always lived in time. The essay then proceeds to consider the three ‘defining moments’ which together provide the rationale for its title. These related moments - Koznyshev's aborted proposal to Varenka, Anna's suicide and the death of Frou-Frou in the famous horse race – are at the heart of this essay's claim for the tragic status of Anna Karenina.
不倫という神の掟をやぶる行為に走ったアンナは不幸な結末を迎えざるをえない。しかし、自身の気持ちに誠実に生きたアンナを同じ罪人である人間が裁くことはできない。虚飾に満ちた都会の貴族社会で死に追いやられたアンナと、農村で実直に生きて信仰に目覚め、幸せをつかんだリョーヴィンとが対比され、人の生きるべき道が示されている
主題
試圖掩蓋上帝不忠統治的安娜必然會有一個不幸的結局。然而，一個同一個罪人的男人無法判斷忠誠地生活在他自己的感情中的安娜。而死亡退居安娜在充滿服飾城的貴族，醒來的信念刻意住在農村，抓住幸福和Ryovin是相反，它已被證明過的人的方法[2] [ 3] [4] [5] [6]。
7度目の映画化《浮生一世情》（英語：Anna Karenina）是一套由伯納德·羅斯執導的1997年歷史劇情片，蘇菲·瑪索、尙·比恩、艾爾菲·摩里納、米雅·柯許納和詹姆士·霍斯主演，根據列夫·托爾斯泰1877年出版的同名小說《安娜·卡列尼娜》改編。
Here, shooting on fabulous locations, he seems to have lost track of his characters. The movie is like a storyboard for "Anna Karenina with the life and subtlety still to be added.
トルストイは、リアリズムの巨匠の一人と評され、本作品においても鋭敏な感性で登場人物の肉体や行動、および環境を描くことで、その人物の心理を表現するという作者一流のリアリズムの手法が駆使されている。その的確な描写力に加え、心理に対する深い洞察、厳密なことばの選択などが、数多くの登場人物の個性を鮮やかに描き分ける[7][8][9]。また、修辞学を排し語義そのものを明らかにする直截的な文体が用いられている
方法[ 編輯]
托爾斯泰，現實主義被譽為，正文和敏銳的感受力在目前的工作中人物的行為的大師之一，並通過繪製環境，充分利用筆者領先的現實主義表達的人的心理技術已經完成了。除了精確的描述能力，對心理學的深刻洞察，嚴格語言的選擇等，生動地刻畫了許多人物的個性[7] [8] [9]。此外，使用了一種消除修辭並揭示單詞本身的命令式風格[10]。
“These books wake you up. They shake you out of your stupor. They make you want to go experience some more things.”—Jacke Wilson in
The History of Literature Podcast
on ANNA KARENINA.
胡適1915年暑假讀 ：
《獄中七日記》Within Prison Walls 兼論美國慈善觀念與社會之樂利； Mar...
胡適讀The New Machiavelli 1915.9.7
胡適日記：讀《 麗莎傳》 1915.8.31《貴族之家》
談胡適1915年暑假讀的3本小說《安娜傳》、《 麗莎傳》、The New Machiavelli 及...
“Rummaging in our souls, we often dig up something that ought to have lain there unnoticed. ”
― from ANNA KARENINA (1877) by Leo Tolstoy
“To enter into all the details of your feelings I have no right, and besides, I regard that as useless and even harmful,” began Alexey Alexandrovitch. “Ferreting in one’s soul, one often ferrets out something that might have lain there unnoticed. Your feelings are an affair of your own conscience; but I am in duty bound to you, to myself, and to God, to point out to you your duties. Our life has been joined, not by man, but by God. That union can only be severed by a crime, and a crime of that nature brings its own chastisement.”
chapter9
記者鮑爾臥底監獄寫成的《美國監獄》~《紐約時報》 2018年度十大好書
Wikipedia: 美國監禁制度（Incarceration in the United States）English
English
Overview
Finally came an appointment by Governor Sulzer to a State Commission on Prison Reform, suggested to the Governor by Judge Riley, the new Superintendent of Prisons. My position as chairman of the Commission made it seem desirable, if not necessary, to inform myself to the utmost as to the inner conditions of the prisons and the needs of the inmates. I do not mean that it was necessary to reinvestigate the material aspect of the prisons-it is known already that the conditions at Sing Sing are barbaric, and those at Auburn medieval-but that it was desirable to get all possible light regarding the actual effect of the System as a whole, or specific parts of it, upon the prisoners.
I began to feel, therefore, that the time had come to carry out the plan which had been so long in the background of my mind.
Thomas Mott Osborne's account of his voluntary stay in Auburn State prison. Osborne, the head of a state commission on "the prison problem," checked into Auburn to personally experience conditions there. It is really engaging and heartfelt, as well as highly political. Osborne encountered tremendous institutional and political resistance to his reform efforts and you get a real sense of that in this book ... In a review of a biography of Osborne the New York Times had this to say: Thomas Mott Osborne presents the phenomenon, not rare among men of genius and high talent, where the work of the man surpasses the individual. To no one person is the modem world of prison reform and the whole broad subject of penology so much in debt as to him. Yet in his own eyes he felt, near the end of his days, that he had lived an ineffectual life. With the shortsightedness of disappointment and despair he could not realize that within ten years of his death biographers would be preoccupied with the ideal of evaluating him as one of the major figures in American reform . .
『胡適的書』『胡適校書記』『胡適手校』『胡適』 (臺靜農刻印/1960)
《胡適藏書目錄》 Bibliography of the collection of Hu Shih
北京大學 圖書館/ 2013
北大圖書館和胡適紀念館完成了對兩地胡適藏書的整理，出版了一部《胡適藏書目錄》，由廣西師範大學出版社出版，煌煌四巨冊，三千餘頁，收錄了一萬兩千餘種藏書。 原文網址：https://kknews.cc/history/lzk5qog.html
讀托爾斯泰《安娜傳》
Anna Karenina’ 研究 Leo Tolstoy的思想變遷
1915.7.10 p.191
"I'm re-reading Anna Karenina. There is no better novel I know about how women (and I don't mean just Anna) – elite, intelligent, educated – are ignored, oppressed, and have little legal recourse. Women are the caregivers, the empathetic. They hold society together and provide salvation even as the priests take the credit.
"Tolstoy's novel is as relevant today as it ever was. As a sideline, one also learns about technical change in agriculture and how to incentivise labourers to adopt it. And there is more … It is clearly the best novel ever written and worth another close read from us all."
- Claudia Goldin, economic historian and a labour economist, author of the forthcoming Women Working Longer: Increased Employment at Older Ages
線裝書一共有3329種，在12501種藏書中大約占四分之一強，由於線裝書單頁單冊字數較少，可能冊數所占比例會更大一些。現代出版物一共有8301種之多，分為中文、日文、西文三類，中文圖書4779種，日文277種，西文3245種，另外還有873種期刊，也分為這三類語言。
原文網址：https://kknews.cc/history/lzk5qog.html
This emended Garnett should probably be a reader's first choice.
Commenting on the revision of Constance Garnett's 1901 translation she says: "The revision (1965) ... by Kent & Berberova (the latter no mean stylist herself) succeeds in 'correcting errors ... tightening the prose, converting Briticisms, and casting light on areas Mrs Garnett did not explore'.
2017年胡適之先生紀念會上，我們提到胡先生留學日記上的閱讀 ANNA KARENINA Tolstoy筆記。
隔天，我補充哈佛大學某教授說該書有不少社會變遷、制度、科技等的發展資訊。
我想，這部公認的小說傑作，可以探討的方式很多樣，
丘兄，
我下月打算自言自語講安娜傳---這是胡適的說法。
有件外行話請教，為何他先生姓卡列寧 Karerin?，書名卻成為Anna Karenina？ 兩種翻譯都見過，正確的是哪一種？
俄國姓名規則。
----
漢清兄好，是這樣的，安娜的先生姓卡列寧（Karerin），她婚後冠夫姓卡列寧，但是俄文文法要求陰性詞尾需加上字母"a"（多數情況），所以就變成卡列寧娜或卡列妮娜（Karerina），她婚後的全名就是安娜‧卡列妮娜（Anna Karenina）。
又如，杜斯妥也夫斯基（Dostoevsky）的太太，冠夫姓時必須變化詞尾為杜斯妥也夫斯卡雅（Dostoevskaya）。...
丘光
┌────
櫻桃園文化出版有限公司 VS Press Co., Ltd.
2018.11.14
苦學生Gahnkin
托爾斯泰臨終時事
The Burial of Leo Tolstoy
俄國學制：非曾讀其國諸大文豪之詩文者，不得入大學或專門學校。凡人能愛其國之文學，未有不愛其國者。1913.10.12
12.27托爾斯泰臨終時事
Yasnaya Polyana 晴園
Tolstoy Literary Museum/ Tolstoy Estate-Museum
Museum in Arbat & Khamovniki
1911 dedicated to his major novels such as Anna Karenina and War and Peace.
Leo Tolstoy 1828~1910， 20歲, circa 1848；約1909
托爾斯泰是1910年11月20日（俄國舊曆11月7日）過世 一生情理交戰
Leo Tolstoy about a year before his death. Image courtesy of Mary Evans Picture Library
”我的生命是否具有超越死亡從而永恆的意義？”列夫·托爾斯泰在凌亂的書桌上寫上重重一筆。
在創作《安娜·卡列尼娜》行將結束時，因不堪理想與現實的差距，托爾斯泰思想出現巨大困惑。他追溯自己五十年的人生經歷和心路歷程，尋找生命意義，並記錄下這段精神活動的過程，取名《懺悔錄》》A Confession，1879~80。它深刻探討生命意義，與人生、命運、信仰有關。生命向我們隱瞞了什麼？ 如何坦然面對死亡？如何讓短暫的人生具有永恆價值？ 這些有關人生命運的深刻問題，都將在閱讀本書中得到啟發。
第一章 不信教的叛逆者、第二章 嘩眾取寵的作家圈 第三章 我過得不太好、第四章 野獸、巨龍、老鼠和蜂蜜、第五章 簡單的問題不好答、第六章 生命向我們隱瞞了什麼 第七章 四種擺脫困境的方式、第八章 我像一只蹲在井底的青蛙 第九章 尋找生命的根、第十章 平凡的人們握有天機 第十一章 劊子手、醉鬼、瘋子眼中的生命、第十二章 尋找我自己的上帝 第十三章 信仰是生命的絕響、第十四章 咽不下去的屈服、第十五章 在矛與盾的邊緣、第十六章 尾聲，和我的夢
思想家托翁最感興趣的，只是生與死的問題。
小說藝術強大、熠熠生輝，富原創性、具普世價值，這些超越其布道、意識形態(溫和、曖昧、遠離政治)
「
2002年にはNorwegian Book Clubが選定した「世界文学最高の100冊」(en:The 100 Best Books of All Time)に選ばれ、2007年刊行の “The Top Ten: Writers Pick Their Favorite Books”[16]においては、現代英米作家125人の投票により、世界文学ベストテン[17]の首位を占めた。
All happy families resemble one another; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.
—Anna Karénina. Leo Tolstoy
dom-dom-dom 房子、家、家庭：主題
無名女郎
伊凡·克拉姆斯柯依1837~87
Tolstoy's house at Yasnaya Polyana. Image courtesy of Sarah Hudspith
Yasnaya Polyana 晴園
Tolstoy (托爾斯泰1828-1910)是Stefan Zweig (史蒂芬·茨威格，1881-1942)最崇拜的文豪---他1928年訪蘇印象記有托爾斯泰的墳墓"最為動人"說法。該文可參考台北志文出版社的 {傻子伊凡}，1995。
Tolstoy's grave at Yasnaya Polyana. Image courtesy of Sarah Hudspith
Tolstoy was a Count
Both Tolstoy’s parents belonged to ancient Russian aristocratic families. His grandfather on his mother’s side, Prince Nikolai Volkonsky, was a member of the court of Catherine the Great and Russian Ambassador to Berlin. His paternal grandfather, Count Ilya Tolstoy, was governor of the city of Kazan (now the capital of Tatarstan), the place enshrined in Russian memory as the location of Ivan the Terrible’s defeat of the Tatar-Mongol Horde.
Tolstoy proposed to his wife in code
The Behrs family had three daughters who were close acquaintances of Tolstoy. Though the family wanted him to marry the eldest, Liza, Tolstoy was more attracted to the middle daughter Sofia. Painfully shy yet tormented by his strong sexual desire for Sofia, he struggled to make plain his intentions. Sofia records in her diary that Tolstoy took some chalk and wrote the initial letters of some words on a card table, and asked her to guess the meaning.
t was not just two or three letters such as ‘M. M’ for ‘Marry me’, but well over a dozen! Sofia claims that she understood at once. The scene is recreated in Tolstoy’s novel Anna Karenina when Levin proposes to Kitty for the second time.
Tolstoy thought Shakespeare was rubbish
Despite reading many of his works and enthusing to Sofia about his enormous dramatic talent, Tolstoy repeatedly published scathing opinions of Shakespeare, saying that he was without genius, a mediocre talent, and that his plays were beneath criticism – ‘I read and re-read the dramas, the comedies, the historical plays, and invariably, each time I experienced the same thing: disgust, boredom, astonishment’.
He also said ‘Not only can Shakespeare’s plays not be taken as models of dramatic art, but they do not even conform to the most basic and universally agreed rules of art’. He rated Marlowe as a better dramatist. Ever confident in the rightness of his own views, Tolstoy was never afraid to go against public opinion, even the most widely held beliefs.
Tolstoy’s experience of the Crimean War inspired War and Peace
Tolstoy’s rich, detailed descriptions of military combat in War and Peace are enhanced by his personal experiences. He first served as an artillery officer in the Caucasus in various campaigns to assert Russian imperial rule in the region; he later fought at the siege of Sevastopol during the Crimean War and was promoted to lieutenant for outstanding bravery and courage.
Despite appreciating the heightened emotions of battle, he knew a military career was not for him and he resigned his commission soon afterwards. He retained a lifelong fascination for the motivations of military life.
Tolstoy gambled away a large part of his family inheritance
As a young man, Tolstoy lived a dissolute lifestyle and gambled extensively, particularly during his time as an army officer. In 1854 he was forced to dismantle and sell for 5,000 roubles the main stately home on the estate inherited from his maternal grandfather at Yasnaya Polyana.
By 1855 he had gambled away the whole 5,000 roubles. He settled in a more modest house on the estate and lived there for more than 50 years.
Tolstoy made his own shoes
Tolstoy grew increasingly troubled by the privilege of his background and developed an interest in the lifestyle and culture of the peasantry. This extended to making his own shoes in the traditional peasant way out of bast: thin strips of bark from the birch or linden tree. He wasn’t very good at it but he wore them anyway.
Tolstoy was excommunicated by the Russian Orthodox Church
Tolstoy believed fervently in the ideals of Christianity, but despised organised religion, which he felt contradicted the teachings of Jesus. After a biting satire of the hypocrisy and corruption of Russian Orthodox Church officials in his last novel, Resurrection, the Church excommunicated him in 1901.
The Church, and the Tsarist establishment, hoped that this would make Tolstoy unpopular and would quash his reputation as a critic of the regime. Instead, it served to make him even more famous and admired.
Tolstoy was Gandhi’s Inspiration
Some historians argue that Tolstoy’s essays on peace laid the foundations for modern pacifism. After reading Tolstoy’s The Kingdom of God Is Within You, Gandhi was inspired to pursue nonviolent resistance, calling Tolstoy "the greatest apostle of non-violence that the present age has produced".
. They corresponded for a year until Tolstoy’s death in November 1910, Gandhi later named his second ashram in South Africa ‘the Tolstoy Colony’.
安娜‧卡列尼娜(全二冊) 高惠群等譯，上海譯文，2010.8~2017.4 第8刷
安娜‧卡列尼娜 草嬰譯，南京：譯林，2014.4~2017.9 第14刷
安娜‧卡列妮娜，台北：志文，1986.9～1990.1 第2刷
Tolstoy was obsessed with sex
Tolstoy had a fraught relation with sex and at times and championed celibacy as a means of moral purity. Despite this, he went on to father 13 children. He lost his virginity to a prostitute and afterwards wrote that he fell to his knees in a wave of self-loathing and guilt.
Tolstoy began writing a journal at 18 and set himself very prescriptive goals for self-improvement, one of which was to visit a brothel only twice a month. About the time he began keeping a diary, he wrote that he had contracted venereal disease and underwent treatment in 1847.
Tolstoy’s death was a major media event
By the time of his old age, Tolstoy was a cultural icon and had followers world-wide who tried to put his views into practice. He fled the family home in 1910, sick of the years of bad relations with his wife, but collapsed at a nearby railway station. The news of the dying celebrity drew huge crowds and news cameras from Pathé, making his death an international news story.
More than three thousand people lined the streets to see his coffin carried back to Yasnaya Polyana. As Tolstoy had been excommunicated, there were no religious rites at his burial. Years before the Communists suppressed the Russian Orthodox Church, his was the first civil funeral in Russia.
胡適讀托爾斯泰《安娜傳》
Anna Karenina’ 研究 Leo Tolstoy的思想變遷
1915.7.10 p.191
"I'm re-reading Anna Karenina. There is no better novel I know about how women (and I don't mean just Anna) – elite, intelligent, educated – are ignored, oppressed, and have little legal recourse. Women are the caregivers, the empathetic. They hold society together and provide salvation even as the priests take the credit.
"Tolstoy's novel is as relevant today as it ever was. As a sideline, one also learns about technical change in agriculture and how to incentivise labourers to adopt it. And there is more … It is clearly the best novel ever written and worth another close read from us all."
- Claudia Goldin, economic historian and a labour economist, author of the forthcoming Women Working Longer: Increased Employment at Older Ages
Anna Karenina By Tolstoy
《安娜·卡列尼娜》（俄語：Анна Каренина）是俄羅斯作家列夫·托爾斯泰於1874年-1877年間創作的小說。1875年1月〈俄羅斯公報〉The Russian Messenger or Russian Herald 開始連載。小說一發表就引發了熱烈的討論。托爾斯泰的堂姑母亞歷山德拉·安德烈耶芙娜·托爾斯泰婭寫道：「《安娜·卡列尼娜》的每個篇章都轟動了整個社會，引起了熱烈的爭論，毀譽參半，褒貶不一。似乎議論的是他們的切身問題一樣。」作品共分八章，開場白「幸福的家庭都是相似的，不幸的家庭各有各的不幸」，是托爾斯泰對婚姻和家庭的悟言。
In a diary entry of December 1908 he said people loved him for "trifling things like War and Peace". Trifling thing? That magnificent novel of Russian society, of angst, amour, and emotional, social and military conflict set in the early 19th century and first published in its entirety in 1869? Impossible.
Not that he would have called it a novel. What is it, he once asked rhetorically. "It is not a novel, still less a [narrative] poem and even less a historical chronicle. War and Peace," he wrote, "it is what the author wanted to and could express in the form in which it was expressed."
"安娜卡列尼娜"是托爾斯泰另一本描述俄國貴族上層社會的社交、婚姻，家庭、信仰的長篇小說。同時展露出：都市與鄉村，貴族與農奴的對比。整個情節繞着貴婦人安娜的婚外情。在保守的十九世紀，托爾斯泰大膽地描述了男女性愛、背叛的感情。在一次貴族舞會中，安娜沈睡已久的慾望被年輕的騎兵軍官喚醒；安娜愛男人如飛蛾撲火，不顧一切。而軍官愛女人如蜻蜓點水，激情過去後他乃要追求貴族社會的達官仕途。安娜錯在把愛情與生活看做等同，一旦喪失，全盤皆空，她帶著絕望跳下鐵軌，結束了自己的夢想與生命。
https://www.bartleby.com/316/
Anna Karenin, Translated by Constance Garnett. (1901) Still widely reprinted. Revised by Leonard J. Kent and Nina Berberova (New York: Random House, 1965). Revised version reprinted by Modern Library.
https://www.bartleby.com/316/
https://www.bartleby.com/316/
涉及孩子的吸引力時，母親經常有不可抗拒和看不見的力量
Anna Karenina 遇見Count Vronsky的母親
『息子と再会するアンナ・カレーニナ』
Свидание Анны Карениной с сыном. 1878年插圖 Michail Alexandrowitsch Wrubel、1856年3月17日(ロシア暦5日) - 1910年4月14日(ロシア暦1日
Countess Anna Arkadyevna Karenina 安娜‧卡列寧/安娜‧卡列妮娜等：Count Alexei Alexandrovich Karenin之妻、Stepan Oblonsky姊、伏倫斯基情人 Count Alexei Kirillovich Vronsky伏倫斯基：安娜情人
Konstantin "Kostya" Dmitrievich Lëvin/Lyovin 列文，Kitty (Princess Ekaterina "Kitty" Alexandrovna Shcherbatskaya 18歲 )求婚者，34歲地主，Stiva老友；老哥Nikolai Dmitrievich Lëvin/Lyovin
次要人物
"Countess Lidia Ivanovna, though she was interested in everything that did not concern her, had a habit of never listening to what interested her."
Countess Lydia Ivanovna - A morally upright woman who is initially Anna's friend and later her fiercest critic.
Dearly beloved, avenge not yourselves, but rather give place unto wrath: for it is written, Vengeance is mine; I will repay, saith the Lord. ~Romans 12:19 King James Version (KJV)
親愛的弟兄，不要自己伸冤，寧可讓步，聽憑主怒（或作：讓人發怒）；因為經上記著：主說：伸冤在我；我必報應。
羅馬書第十二章 - 中文和合本聖經查詢系統
19 諸位親愛的，你們不可為自己復仇，但應給天主的忿怒留有餘地，因為經上記載：『上主說：復仇是我的事，我必報復。』
羅馬書:Chapter 12
" 首先社會沒有權力審判安娜；其次，安娜也沒有權力通過報復性自殺來懲罰伏倫斯基 Count Alexei Kirillovich Vronsky 。" Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977)：《俄羅斯文學講稿》上海譯文，2018。托爾斯泰的《安娜‧卡列寧》，參考pp. 175~76
Istina (Serbian Cyrillic: Истина; trans. The Truth 內在的真理之光；最本質的真理) ：低頭握拳、直接迎向真理，找到曾立十字架的地方 (自己的模樣？)
ANNA KARENINA by Leo Tolstoy Translated by Constance Garnett
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1399/1399-0.txt
Criticisms and Interpretations
By Emile Melchior, Vicomte de Vogüè
By Charles Edward Turner
By Matthew Arnold
By Leo Wiener
By William Dean Howells
By Edward Garnett
From “The Nation”
By Maurice Baring
Modern Tragedy
By Raymond Williams, /McCallum, Pamela (EDT) /Publisher:
Broadview Pr Published 2006
《現代悲劇 》南京: 譯林， 2007 (據第一版翻譯)
該書的這章，很可參考：Social and Personal Tragedy: Tolstoy and Lawrence
我們甚至可以趁機思考胡先生的"悲劇"。
Is tragedy an event in our lives, or a literary form, or a body of dogma?
Modern Tragedy By Williams, Raymond /McCallum, Pamela (EDT) /Publisher:Broadview Pr Published 2006
《現代悲劇 》南京: 譯林， 2007 (據第一版翻譯) 該書的這章，很可參考：Social and Personal Tragedy: Tolstoy and Lawrence
Is tragedy an event in our lives, or a literary form, or a body of dogma?
Leavis, F. R., Anna Karenina and Other Essays (Chatto and Windus, London, 1967)
Defining Moments in Anna Karenina
R. L. P. Jackson
The Cambridge Quarterly, Volume 43, Issue 1, 1 March 2014, Pages 16–38,https://doi.org/10.1093/camqtly/bft040
Published:01 March 2014
Abstract
This essay returns to F. R. Leavis's 1965 essay on Anna Karenina as its point of departure, arguing that the novel is ultimately more tragic in its effect than Leavis allows. Beginning with an account of some representative moments which define the unbridgeable gaps between certain major characters, it moves to consider the differences between the new Penguin and the Maudes’ World's Classics translation of a passage which is seen as embodying Tolstoy's consistent attempt to imagine life as always lived in time. The essay then proceeds to consider the three ‘defining moments’ which together provide the rationale for its title. These related moments - Koznyshev's aborted proposal to Varenka, Anna's suicide and the death of Frou-Frou in the famous horse race – are at the heart of this essay's claim for the tragic status of Anna Karenina.
不倫という神の掟をやぶる行為に走ったアンナは不幸な結末を迎えざるをえない。しかし、自身の気持ちに誠実に生きたアンナを同じ罪人である人間が裁くことはできない。虚飾に満ちた都会の貴族社会で死に追いやられたアンナと、農村で実直に生きて信仰に目覚め、幸せをつかんだリョーヴィンとが対比され、人の生きるべき道が示されている
主題
試圖掩蓋上帝不忠統治的安娜必然會有一個不幸的結局。然而，一個同一個罪人的男人無法判斷忠誠地生活在他自己的感情中的安娜。而死亡退居安娜在充滿服飾城的貴族，醒來的信念刻意住在農村，抓住幸福和Ryovin是相反，它已被證明過的人的方法[2] [ 3] [4] [5] [6]。
7度目の映画化《浮生一世情》（英語：Anna Karenina）是一套由伯納德·羅斯執導的1997年歷史劇情片，蘇菲·瑪索、尙·比恩、艾爾菲·摩里納、米雅·柯許納和詹姆士·霍斯主演，根據列夫·托爾斯泰1877年出版的同名小說《安娜·卡列尼娜》改編。
Here, shooting on fabulous locations, he seems to have lost track of his characters. The movie is like a storyboard for "Anna Karenina with the life and subtlety still to be added.
トルストイは、リアリズムの巨匠の一人と評され、本作品においても鋭敏な感性で登場人物の肉体や行動、および環境を描くことで、その人物の心理を表現するという作者一流のリアリズムの手法が駆使されている。その的確な描写力に加え、心理に対する深い洞察、厳密なことばの選択などが、数多くの登場人物の個性を鮮やかに描き分ける[7][8][9]。また、修辞学を排し語義そのものを明らかにする直截的な文体が用いられている
方法[ 編輯]
托爾斯泰，現實主義被譽為，正文和敏銳的感受力在目前的工作中人物的行為的大師之一，並通過繪製環境，充分利用筆者領先的現實主義表達的人的心理技術已經完成了。除了精確的描述能力，對心理學的深刻洞察，嚴格語言的選擇等，生動地刻畫了許多人物的個性[7] [8] [9]。此外，使用了一種消除修辭並揭示單詞本身的命令式風格[10]。
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