一. "20世紀美國論"(漢清講堂 2019年胡適紀念演講， 2019年11月下旬)；胡適 《五十年來的美國》1953；《美國的民主制度》；程天放(1899-1967)《美國論》1960等、讀程天放先生的《美國論》後記／胡適
二. 談鄭明萱譯作與美國文化(Simon U，2019年12月下旬)1.《從黎明到衰頹：五百年來的西方文化生活》From Dawn to Decadence By Jacques Barzun；2.《極端的年代》1914-1991(上下), 艾瑞克‧霍布斯邦 , 麥田 , 1996；3.《哥倫布大交換：1492年以後的生物影響和文化衝擊》 , 克羅斯比 貓頭鷹 ,2008/ 2019；4.《費城奇蹟：美國憲法誕生的關鍵127天》。
how automobiles have reshaped countries, cultures and economies
《五十年來的美國》1953；
《美國的民主制度》1954；程天放(1899-1967)《美國論》1960等、讀程天放先生的《美國論》後記／胡適
日台交流協會：「2018年度台灣民眾對日本觀感之研究」，日本為台灣以外最受喜愛的國家，比例為59%，創下2008年首次調查以來新高，並大幅領先第二名的中國（8%）及第三名的美國（4%）。
"New York with Moon". Georgia O'Keeffe. 1925.
根據美國2019年國際教育交流門戶開放報告，台灣赴美留學生達到2萬3369人，創下8年來新高並已連續4年成長；台灣也連續第五年成為美國國際學生第七大來源處。
加州美景不再？我們所知的那個加州完了。火災和停電不是天災，而是人禍，它與一個更大的問題有關：我們無法可持續地生活。加州的人們要么改變這裡的生活方式，要么只能離開
加州因不斷變化的氣候帶來的煙霧而窒息，有種被困住的感覺。我們是iPhone之後的黑莓，Netflix之後的百視達(Blockbuster)：我們用了錯誤的設計，我們押錯了技術，我們得到了錯誤的激勵，我們背負著錯誤的文化。這個地方的創始理念是無窮無盡——連綿不絕的可愛房子，由高速公路和延伸到森林覆蓋的山中的未絕緣電線連接。我們的整個生活方式建立在一系列迷思之上：無盡的空間、無盡的燃料、無盡的水、無盡的樂觀、無盡的拓展空間和無盡的免費車位的迷思。
分裂的美國 The Divided Soul of America
導演：Jörg Daniel Hissen / 90' / 2018
英文 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yF9f65Pxg0k
台北精英聚會1949：黃純青(晴園)、黃得時父子歡宴胡適博士等人
In the 1860s Abraham Lincoln created land-grant colleges to broaden education. In the 1930s Franklin Roosevelt pushed through sweeping social-insurance policies. Glenn Hubbard says similar policies are now needed
美國資本主義的改造
Hu Shih and FDR. FDR Memorial
with the National Archives in the background,
August 6, 2014. (Photo by Jeff Reed, National Archives)
聯合國中國同志會座談會：胡適
《聯合國的理想與實際》1952.12.17；
《五十年來的美國》1953；
《美國的民主制度》1954。
香港今日世界出版社1955~82：美國文化的各方面著作之翻譯
Data show that generational replacement, not changes of heart, have made American society more liberal
Anxiety and depression is the leading concern for people born after 1997 https://econ.st/36hNNOE
Americans aged 65 and over spend nearly ten hours a day consuming media on their televisions, computers and smartphones
《白領：美國的中產階級》
窮途末路的美國夢
作者： （美）芭芭拉·埃倫里奇
出版社：中信出版社
出版日期：2006
Bait and Switch: The (Futile) Pursuit of the American Dream
每日一詞 nytimes：Bait-and-switch，誘購。軟銀向初創企業巨額注資引發連鎖效應。這些企業用激勵措施來吸引承包商，但在沒有得到預期回報後又踢走了他們。 時報記者寫道 ，對那些遭受損失的承包商來說，這就像一種“bait-and-switch”。 Bait-and-switch一詞指以廉價商品、促銷活動等招徠顧客，再引誘他們為高價商品買單的誘售策略。
「高齡化社會」為65歲以上人口佔總人口比例達7%;「高齡社會」為比例達14%;「超高齡社會」為比例達20%以上。
Fortune 500大公司的45%, 是由移民或其後裔所創，包括Apple 公司和 Google公司
Immigrants or their children founded 45% of America's Fortune 500 companies, including Apple and Google
美國的移民與精英
LATINO: THE CHANGING FACE OF AMERICA, Roxane FRIAS -
By 2035, Latinos will represent 35% of the U.S. population. How will this impact America's political, social, economic and cultural future?
Illustrious Immigrants
Paperback: 452 頁
出版商：University of Chicago Press； Ex-library 版本 (1973年9月28
Demographic history of the United States - Wikipedia
Population in 1790 に移動 - The ancestry of the 3.9 million population in 1790 ..Historical Census ... · Median age at marriage · Immigration · Migration within the ..
在1880年到1900年間，美國的城市人口比率從28%上升到40%，1920年達到50%
https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Demographic_history_...
For decades, America resettled more refugees than the rest of the world put together. Under President Donald Trump, the country has become far less welcoming
美國的移民
The British Library 2014 is an installation by Yinka Shonibare CBE of 6,328 hardback books, bound in African wax print fabric. Names of individuals are printed in gold leaf on the spines of 2,700 of the books, most of whom are first- or second-generation immigrants to Britain who have made significant contributions to British culture and history. Other books are unmarked, suggesting that the story of immigration in Britain is still being written.
On free display at Tate Modern: http://bit.ly/2OXfC8w
習近平百個美國研究智庫 VS "According to the 2016 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report (Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program, University of Pennsylvania), Hoover is No. 18 (of 90) in the "Top Think Tanks in the United States"".
對美國的無知，例子很多：
1. America is an aristocracy of people who have never worked a day in their lives. 60% 的財富來自遺產
2. 你根本不知道The 10 Best Memoirs of the Decade
《美国年鉴》是2002年
中国社科出版社出版的图书，作者是王缉思
本年鉴大体由三部分组成。分类资料部分包括美国官方或权威机构公布的政治、经济、军事、社会、法律、文化、科技、教育等最新统计资料；美国发展报告部分包括美国有关领域重要发展变化及趋势带有分析性的报告、大事记主要是上一年美国内政外交的重要事件的系统记录。
Future Shock 1970 to Megatrends - Ten Directions Transforming Lives 1982
high touch (plural high touches)
Dealing with or interacting with a human being as opposed to transacting with computers or through high tech.
Human interaction.
Having a high awareness of human complexity, having empathy.
夏洛滕堡宮（Schloss Charlottenburg）1965 理查德·謝貝（Richard Scheibe）在塔圓頂上新造的Fortuna風向標
1701~1743? 她是風向標。一般的風向標是個箭頭，或者加一隻公雞。這個地方來點特別的，放一個洗過澡提著毛巾的女人。毛巾飄起，就指著當時的風向。
儘管美國就業增速放緩，製造業產出疲軟，但佔美國經濟活動逾三分之二的消費者繼續通過支出來推動經濟增長
2019.11.17
Disparities in economic development since the industrial revolution / edited by P. Bairoch and Maurice Lévy-Leboyer.
International Economic History Congress (7th : 1978 : Edinburgh, Scotland) 1981.
The Economist · By examining millions of books and newspaper articles published since 1820, researchers found that wealth does bring happiness, but some other things bring more of it ECONOMIST.COM Can money buy happiness? Two centuries’ worth of books suggest it can
The NUMBER OF millionares
Wealth inequality in the United States increased from 1989 to 2013.
In rich countries 81% of people live in urban areas. In the rest of the world half the population still lives in the countryside
United States
漢清講堂3 年前的2節目，多少談到美國有組織才能，公益事業發達：
124 行善與公益(blog) 鍾漢清 2016-10-27 22 views
123 資中筠其人其書 陳健邦 (Ben Chen) 2016-10-27 1.2K views
----資中筠《財富的責任與資本主義演變》資中筠《20 世紀的美國》
Charity(2016 ):China 13.4T /0.2% vs USA18.7 T/ 2% GDP
13.79億 vs 3.234億 (2016年)
The National Experience: A History of the United States (Pt. 1 & 2) ；
A history of the United States with an emphasis on public policy 北京商務
John M. Blum , William S. McFeely, Edmund S. Morgan, Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., Kenneth M. Stampp
“美國人三部曲”《美國人︰殖民地歷程》、《美國人︰建國的歷程》和《美國人︰民主的歷程》組成
（美）布爾斯廷，上海譯文出版社
Tsukioka Yoshitosh1839~92 i, A Ghost Jizō Startles a Near-Sighted Old Man at Asajigahara, 1881. Color woodcut
Tsukioka Yoshitoshi
月岡 芳年 ( Taiso Yoshitoshi 大蘇 芳年)
《美國製造－凝視美國文明》、《我為何成為美國公民；我的猶太人旅程》。
Guy Sorman來台數次，我見過2次。他 是少數熟知法國總統顧問"業務"與地方政治運作的知識分子。
他認為美國是獨特的，所以西方國家，可分為歐洲的與美國的。從60年代起，過50多年，美國已經改頭換面了。......
越戰與美軍來臺時，在我國小五年級1964年起，到初中。當時我在台北和台中。
台北是在動物園和兒童樂園：某美軍帶他小孩，在中山北路路上跟賣玩具的買給小孩，掏出新的大鈔台幣，攤販要找錢，他不收。當時，沒看過花花新鈔以及小費等，印象很深刻。
台中，初中時，多了許多酒吧，然而，與我家隔約1~2公里，我沒體驗。溫紳分享了 Windson Chen ：越戰與美軍大量來臺(1965-11-14)
American Architecture
David P. Handlin
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. New York Times
On Photography is a 1977 collection of essays by Susan Sontag.
She also explores the history of American photography in relation to the idealistic notions of America put forth by Walt Whitman and traces these ideas through to the increasingly cynical aesthetic notions of the 1970s, particularly in relation to Arbus and Andy Warhol. Susan Sontag
Photography. A Concise History By Ian Jeffrey 攝影簡史
第七章 欧洲社会和美国自然
●第八章 美国社会
●第九章 人类境况
●第十章 自我肯定，自我缺席
《美國人》（The Americans 1958）By Robert Frank (1924–2019)
https://oscarenfotos.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/robert_frank_-_the_americans.pdf
Robert Frank's (...) enormously influential The Americans is in ways reminiscent both of Tocqueville's analysis of American institutions and of the analysis of cultural themes by Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict. Frank presents photographs made in scattered places around the country, returning again and again to such themes as the flag, the automobile, race, restaurants—eventually turning those artifacts, by the weight of the associations in which he embeds them, into profound and meaningful symbols of American culture.
1969 2nd printing The Americans, 1997 6th printing
Wim Wenders: Once, 2010
Fascinating and revelatory, Once gives us a unique look at the universe Wenders has created out of the hidden pieces of everyday life.
THE COLOR OF A GREAT CITY.
These thirty-eight sketches of New York City as Dreiser experienced it between the years of 1900 to approximately 1915
Photo Booth
Bruce Gilden’s Gritty Vision of a Lost New York
The street photographer’s new book of recently discovered pictures from the seventies and eighties, “Lost and Found,” shows the vibrance and squalor of the city.
By Chris Wiley
Alaska vs Chukotka
Alaska is a vibrant state with a swelling population. Less than three miles away, Chukotka's population is meagre and its standard of living vastly inferior
The Mechanical Bride: Folklore of Industrial Man
1951:a study of popular culture 麥克盧漢選擇了他書中包含的廣告和文章，不僅是要引起人們對它們的象徵意義及其對創建和傳播它們的公司實體的影響的注意，而且還要仔細考慮此類廣告對目標社會的意義。
McLuhan chose the ads and articles included in his book not only to draw attention to their symbolism and their implications for the corporate entities that created and disseminated them, but also to mull over what such advertising implies about the wider society at which it is aimed.
Did you notice the Model-T bodies of the women in that revived 1930 movie last night? (p. 94)；The rustic scene accentuates the positively phoney? (p. 20)
A Nation Transformed by Information:
How Information Has Shaped the United States from Colonial Times to the Present
Henry R. Luce 1898~1967, Creator of Time-Life Magazine Empire
Time 1922；Luce launched the business magazine Fortune in February 1930 and acquired Life in order to relaunch it as a weekly magazine of photojournalism in November 1936
有權柄的
The Powers That Be is a 1979 book by David Halberstam about the American media. The subjects in the book: CBS · The New York Times · The Los Angeles ...
1973年VS 2019年：1973美國媒體是如何報導水門事件聽證會的？彈劾連續劇正在播出之際，重溫PBS電視台有關水門事件的節目，可以體驗：媒體與政治在口吻和基調上，多麼不同。
我們還能重拾那種共同關注和信任嗎
By the 1930s, Hollywood studios became fully vertically integrated, as production, distribution and exhibition was controlled by these companies, enabling Hollywood to produce 600 films per year.
Hollywood became known as Tinseltown[29] and the "dream factory"[20] because of the glittering image of the movie industry. Hollywood has since[when?] become a major center for film study in the United States.
好萊塢如何征服全世界：市場、戰略與影響
作者： （法）諾文·明根特
出版社：商務印書館
出版日期：2016/08/01
語言：簡體中文
本書密切追蹤了40年來好萊塢巨頭們的電影作品的演變、它們贏得世界市場的文化戰略，以及它們的市場營銷人員對電影制作的影響。好萊塢無疑對全球產生了影響，同時好萊塢自身也受到其他國家越來越多的影響。好萊塢的發行策略和制片選擇越來越多受制於國際觀眾的喜好。
「好萊塢50年」The Kid Stays in the Picture by Robert Evan，台北：絲路出版社，1996 這本書相當精彩。
(The Kid Stays in the Picture by Robert Evans(1994, put to film in 2002)
A revised edition of the book, published in 1995, adds several chapters of new material, including material on his projects after his return to Paramount Pictures台灣96年所出版的，應該是舊版。)
Gone with the Wind is a 1939 American epic historical romance film adapted from the 1936 novel by Margaret Mitchell.
Guinness World Records arrived at a figure of $3.44 billion in 2014, making it the most successful film in cinema history
The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios complex in Burbank, California.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company
Fantasia is a 1940 American animated film produced by Walt Disney
The film consists of eight animated segments set to pieces of classical music conducted by Leopold Stokowski, seven of which are performed by the Philadelphia Orchestra.
Image copyrightGETTY IMAGES
Image caption
There is already a statue of Marx and his collaborator Engels in a Berlin park
1989年11月9日，柏林牆倒塌，冷戰結束。促成這一劇變的決定性節點事件並不是發生在德國，而是發生在波蘭、匈牙利和蘇聯
The American Relief Administration in Europe and Soviet Russia
On June 26, 1921, the newspaper Pravda reported that a famine was raging in the Volga area
, feeding some 10m people
1919 ~1922/23 The ARA's operations in Russia were shut down on June 15, 1923, after it was discovered that Russia renewed the export of grain
美國將在柏林大使館的陽台上（屬於美國領土）豎起這座高2.1米的銅像。銅像將俯視柏林牆和德國聯邦議院所在的德國國會大廈，而這正是裡根1987年發表演講的地點。在那裡，裡根對時任蘇共總書記戈爾巴喬夫喊話："請推倒這堵牆!" 2019.11.8 In June 1987, President Ronald Reagan spoke at Berlin’s iconic Brandenburg Gate in view of the Berlin Wall, and delivered a message to Mikhail S. Gorbachev, the Soviet leader at the time.
1990 兩德統一：‘Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit’ – Unity and Justice and Freedom
The Berlin Wall fell #onthisday in 1989, which led to German reunification in 1990. This medal commemorates the reunification, with one side inscribed with the words ‘Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit’ – Unity and Justice and Freedom http://ow.ly/Uc1gU
Marshall Plan
The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative passed in 1948 to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $12 billion[1] (nearly $100 billion in 2018 US dollars)
The outcome of the 2020 US presidential election will not only determine domestic policy, but global geopolitics in the coming years.
Trump’s Opposition to ‘Endless Wars’ Appeals to Those Who Fought Them
Thomas L. Friedman, Michael Mandelbaum； That Used To Be Us: How America Fell Behind In The World It Invented And How We Can Come Back
我們曾經輝煌：美國在新世界生存的關鍵
《我們曾經輝煌》That Used to Be Us: How America Fell Behind in the World
佛里曼與外交思想家曼德鮑姆合著2011，探討美國政府當前所面臨的四大危機：全球化、資訊科技革命、債台高築，及能源過度使用。美蘇冷戰結束後，美國政府對這些議題視若無睹。當今中國大陸無論在教育、工業、科技的崛起，都一再提醒美國「也曾擁有如此光榮」（That Used to Be US），並顯示美國當今政治體系及核心價值的崩壞。佛里曼深信，只要深入了解美國歷史，就會找到讓美國克服當前危機的方式，讓美國重返輝煌時代。本書提出許多成功企業家的例子，指出他們並未放棄美國夢的願景及勇往直前的態度及行動，佛里曼更提出建言，包括振興傳統核心價值，及建立新的第三方運動復興國家經濟。
Expansion: 1902 to 1912； Expansion: 1902 to 1912； Major breakthroughs: 1920s–1930s
In the 1920s, DuPont in 1928. Carothers invented neoprene, a synthetic rubber;the first polyester superpolymer; and, in 1935, nylon. The invention of Teflon followed a few years later and has since been proven responsible for health problems in those exposed to the chemical through manufacturing and home use. DuPont introduced phenothiazine as an insecticide in 1935: "Better things for better living,"
在1920年代，杜邦繼續致力於材料科學，於1928年聘請華萊士·卡洛瑟斯（Wallace Carothers）從事聚合物的研究。卡洛瑟斯（Carothers）發明了氯丁橡膠，一種合成橡膠； [9]第一種聚酯超聚物。 還有1935年的尼龍 鐵氟龍的發明是在幾年後進行的，此後已被證明是造成製造和家庭使用該化學品的人的健康問題的原因。[10] 杜邦於1935年推出了吩噻嗪作為殺蟲劑。
香港抗議者求助於美國，中國嗅到了陰謀的味道
一些香港抗議者把美國視為民主的象徵，並希望能將美國拉進他們的運動，讓川普政府向北京施壓。
但對華盛頓來說，抗議活動既是一個潛在的政策困境，又是對北京施加影響的潛在方式，同時也是將美國價值觀傳遞到世界其他地方的途徑。
美國人的更多介入，可能會給北京提供更多宣傳彈藥，把這場民主運動描繪成一場由外國勢力煽動起來的運動。
美国财政亏空继续扩大，幅度为多年来所仅见。美国国债不日将达17万亿美元。Lewis Thomas 搞不清楚聯儲局 federal reserve bank
然而，该国财长竟仍赞扬总统特朗普。
多國籍企業杜邦
Second World War: 1941–1945
Space Age developments: 1950 to 1970
developing Mylar, Dacron, Orlon, and Lycra in the 1950s, and Tyvek, Nomex, Qiana, Corfam, and Corian in the 1960s.
Conoco holdings: 1981 to 1999
After 64 years, DuPont has retired "Better things for better living,"
1999, global corporate positioning statement: "The miracles of science."
對歷史女神的看法：不理她；表面、摸象；Trivial Many vs Vital Few；帝國史觀；旁觀者；同情的理解？
白人至上主義跟種族歧視之間的關係
Poe's "The Tell Tale Heart".
Arthur Rackham's illustration for Edgar Allen Poe's "The Tell Tale Heart". (1935).
Speaker Nancy Pelosi: "This Constitution is the blueprint for our republic—and not a monarchy."
American Politics
The Promise of Disharmony
Samuel P. Huntington, HUP, 1981
Inside the Castle: Law and the Family in 20th Century America 圍城之內
出版社：北京大學出版社，2018
Inside the Castle is a comprehensive social history of twentieth-century family law in the United States.
失衡的承諾
北京：東方出版社，2005
Today’s well-paid professionals can’t buy into the American dream of home ownership. So they’re renting it instead. “Saving for a huge down payment seems almost impossible.”
Since 2009, studies show a 12% decline in homelessness nationally, but increases of 18% in San Francisco, 35% in Seattle, 50% in Los Angeles and 59% in New York
1. The Disharmonic Polity. 2. The American Creed and National Identity. 3. The Gap: The American Creed versus Political Authority 4. Coping with the Gap 5. The Politics of Creedal Passion. 6. The Sources of Creedal Passion 7. The S&S Years, 1960–1975.
8. The Viability of American Ideals and Institutions
如今的美國中產，負債累累才能維持父輩的生活方式
薪資停滯不前，生活成本卻不斷攀升，這使得美國人愈加依賴借貸或其它金融手段，才能獲得父輩可以輕松擁有的東西。他們中不少人連住房也只能靠租。
複雜理論Sciences of Complexity
The Economist By examining millions of books and newspaper articles published since 1820, researchers found that wealth does bring happiness, but some other things bring more of it
Can money buy happiness? Two centuries’ worth of books suggest it can
This disturbing graph has been dubbed the "chart of the century." Food, clothing, cars and electronics have all become cheaper since 1997, but as the above shows: health care, child care and education have soared relative to worker's wages. Why? Noah Smith writes that it's partly down to something called Baumol cost disease. "Some things rise in price even as productivity goes up," writes Smith. "It takes about the same number of hours for doctors and nurses to treat a patient as it did two decades ago, and it takes about the same number of teacher hours to instruct an algebra class." It doesn't explain it all though: monopoly power, falling productivity and perverse incentives should all be considered too. https://bloom.bg/31eHMid
HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL
知識的分區化不可取，美國高等教育越來越少人主修英文與歷史，此風不可長，諾貝爾經濟學家Robert Shiller 新書 “Narrative Economics” 主張
The whole premise of Shiller’s book is that stories matter.
“Traditional economic approaches fail to examine the role of public beliefs in major economic events — that is, narrative,' Shiller wrote. “Economists can best advance their science by developing and incorporating into it the art of narrative economics.”~Nobel Prize winner Robert Shiller’s new book “Narrative Economics”
“Compartmentalization of intellectual life is bad.”
：more English and history majors,
約1930以來主修英文少25.5 %
How Mister Rogers’ faith shaped his idea of children’s television
Theodore White ( 1915-86，白修德). America in Search of Itself: The Making of the President, 1956–1980
Pentagon
United States Army - Wikipedia
US ARMY AS LEARNING SYSTEM
The Army is a learning organization. Therefore, the Army's vision is to immerse Soldiers and Army civilians in a progressive, continuous, learner-centric, competency-based learning environment from their first day of service
美國監獄America’s obsession with incarceration
廢私營監獄論點令人困惑
研究發現，國家的槍支持有率與大規模槍擊事件的發生機率相關。美國人口占全球總人口約4.4%，卻擁有全世界42%的槍支。
美國也是對購買槍支管制最鬆的國家。
lists the 253 US cities that experienced a mass shooting this year 2019
索爾孟《美國製造－凝視美國文明 2006》《我為何成為美國公民》
.孫康宜《我看美國精神》2007
（Guy Sorman）
1964年畢業於法國巴黎政治學院，獲博士學位，任職於法國國家行政學院。1975年創辦Sorman出版社，1979年參與創建非政府組織─國際抗飢餓行動組織，任主席；1993-1995年，任法國外交部長顧問，負責對外文化活動，1995-1997年任法國總理顧問。
America worries that Huawei, China's telecoms giant, spies on behalf of its government and threatens Western interests. Such concerns are not just about America's security, but also its insecurity https://econ.st/2QbOQtH
China and America embody two versions of capitalism, a new book argues. Their co-evolution will shape world history for decades to come
An unarmed teen was killed by a border patrol agent. The Supreme Court will soon decide if his family can sue the agent for his death 2019.11
The New Yorker Cartoons
1006
Today's daily cartoon by Barry Blitt.
Many expected the fall of communism to transform their countries overnight. It did not, but GDP and life expectancy has risen sharply across the region
What have they achieved?
Donald Trump raises an important question of the long wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.
"鄭明萱女士的翻譯"與美國文明：《從黎明到衰頹：五百年來的西方文化生活》；哥倫布大交換：1492年以後的生物影響和文化衝擊 , 克羅斯比 鄭明萱 , 貓頭鷹 , 出版日期:2008/ 2019；費城奇蹟：美國憲法誕生的關鍵127天 , 包恩 鄭明萱 , 貓頭鷹 , 出版日期: 2004；認識媒體：人的延伸(麥克魯漢經典), 麥克魯漢 鄭明萱 , 貓頭鷹 , 極端的年代1914-1991(下)中文書 , 艾瑞克‧霍布斯邦 鄭明萱 , 麥田 , 出版日期: 1996-11-01等等
International Business Machines Corporation
成立 1911年6月16日
1924年華森將CTR改名為IBM。1940年代末期華森長子建議公司將機械式電腦改為美國陸軍使用的真空管與電子式電腦。
1960年代初期小華森用公司年營收三倍的巨資，花費五十億美元開發360系列大型電腦，採用最新的積體電路技術，奠定IBM在大型電腦稱霸的定位。On April 7, 1964, IBM announced the first computer system family, the IBM System/360.
An IBM System/360 in use at the University of Michigan c. 1969.
Upon his death, Mark Twain was buried in Elmira, the hometown of his wife, Olivia Langdon.
Mark Twain Himself: A Pictorial Biography (Mark Twain and His Circle)
每天照相約60張，總會有好的。......
In this rare interview, photographer Robert Frank discusses his seminal book The Americans (1958). He reflects on specific images from the series and gives insight into his process at the time.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9kMwnmrL5FM
1988 再版 Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain: A Biography Paperback – December 15, 1991 by Justin Kaplan
Mark Twain's life—one of the richest and raciest America has known—is delightfully portrayed in this mosaic of words and more than 600 pictures that capture the career of one of America's most colorful personalities. The words are Twain's own, taken from his writings—not only the autobiography but also his letters, notebooks, newspaper reporting, sketches, travel pieces, and fiction. The illustrations provide the perfect counterpoint to Twain's text. Presented in the hundreds of photos, prints, drawings, cartoons, and paintings is Twain himself, from the apprentice in his printer's cap to the dying world-famous figure finishing his last voyage in a wheelchair. Mark Twain Himself: A Pictorial Biography will not only inform and entertain the casual reader but will provide a valuable resource to scholars and teachers of Twain as well.
Mark Twain, the American comic genius who portrayed, named, and in part exemplified America’s “Gilded Age,” comes alive in Justin Kaplan’s extraordinary biography. With brilliant immediacy, Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain brings to life a towering literary figure whose dual persona symbolized the emerging American conflict between down-to-earth morality and freewheeling ambition. As Mark Twain, he was the Mississippi riverboat pilot, the satirist with a fiery hatred of pretension, and the author of such classics as Tom Sawyer andHuckleberry Finn. As Mr. Clemens, he was the star who married an heiress, built a palatial estate, threw away fortunes on harebrained financial schemes, and lived the extravagant life that Mark Twain despised. Kaplan effectively portrays the triumphant-tragic man whose achievements and failures, laughter and anger, reflect a crucial generation in our past as well as his own dark, divided, and remarkably contemporary spirit. Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain brilliantly conveys this towering literary figure who was himself a symbol of the peculiarly American conflict between moral scrutiny and the drive to succeed. Mr. Clemens lived the Gilded Life that Mark Twain despised. The merging and fragmenting of these and other identities, as the biography unfolds, results in a magnificent projection of the whole man; the great comic spirit; and the exuberant, tragic human being, who, his friend William Dean Howells said, was “sole, incomparable, the Lincoln of our literature.”
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